How to improve efficiency in software engineering?

There are several causal factors leading to low efficiency. A common trait to all factors is the presence of either underutilized or wasted human potential. Thus, they can be used as indicators for the presence of all factors. Hence, if you find instances of either underutilized or wasted human potential you can be sure at least one of the factors is present in your organization. All factors leading to low efficiency have the root cause of lack of managerial oversight.